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Articles and Documentary Trips

BAKGROUND INFORMATION

It all began when I was commissioned to write an article about flight simulators for the Swedish microcomputer magazine Mikrodatorn in 1989. The article Make your computer useful after 5 o'clock (Låt datorn göra nytta efter 5) in 3 pages, was my start in the journalistic business. It covered flight simulators, copy protection, and accessories to aid the computer pilot. I also supplied the illustrations myself.

Flight simulator testing The picture shows my very first PC, a Victor VPC 2 having an 8086 processor, giant 640 kB of RAM and what was then very advanced: an EGA monitor. In front of the screen is Maxx, the flight yoke that I was reviewing. On top of the screen is my home built printer switch. To the right is my digitizer table, with its pen hanging in a spring contraption that I built myself, to always have the pen easily accessible without having to look for it. 

Stay on Track
A Few Samples
Documentary Trips
  The Arecibo Telescope and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
  JAS 39 Gripen - More Bang for the Buck
  Gripen and I at the Computerworld Expo 2000
  Giants Playing with Containers at the Rotterdam Harbour
  The Helsinki Connection
  SCO Forum, August 1999
More Articles

Stay on Track

Computer journalism is a mixture of technical know-how, and being able to get under the skin of more or less successful products. At the same time you can not loose your humour or forget the user. During the years since 1989, I have written more than a hundred articles and other texts, taking various forms, such as:

I have often been hired to write all, or parts of corporate newsletters dealing with computers. Articles about hard technology, such as software for mini computers or the technology driving automated faxback systems, as well as less technological texts, such as the computer safety at the Swedish Forsmark nuclear power plant, or about consultant companies taking new directions. I can write an article, or design the complete newsletter. Maybe you need some new graphical ideas?

Radionätsartikel

If you want to read one of my articles, which got a really warm reception, click here. It's all about wireless local networks.

Test Equipment

Another article, that got lots of laughs was my scientific investigation of how best to blow up CD-ROMs. Its right here.
 

A Few Samples

 
Open Enterprise - Data GeneralData General is a company specialised in high reliability minicomputers. I have written articles about various applications, machines and operating systems for their OPEN Enterprise newsletter. Articles, collectionThrough the years, I have written some hundred articles, for Swedish microcomputer magazines such as Mikrodatorn, Svenska PC World, Nätverk & Kommunikation, Attack, and more. The subjects have been wide ranging, covering everything between mouse and SCSI. Hard disk testing, installation tests of local networks, speed tests of modems and low-down testing of the printing quality of various inkjet printers.
INEO VPDSIneo Konsult AB (Sweden) develop applications for computer telephony integration (CTI) and I have designed their brochures and sales promotion material, plus most of their manuals and systems descriptions. The sample shows a sales brochure on VPDS, Ineo's interactive voice procedure manager software (IVR) for faxback applications. RaxcoRaxco (Sweden) distributes software and accessories for Unix minicomputers. They needed a corporate newsletter.

Documentary Trips

For copyright reasons I am unable to display the articles below. Instead, the texts are descriptions of the report or re-writes. Some of the images belw ewere never inte articles mantioned.


Arecibo - the Biggest Radio Telescope in the World
Seti@home - the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence

Its diameter of 305 metres makes the Arecibo Telescope the world's biggest antenna, and the Earth's ear to Universe It is so sensitive it can hear a walkie-talkie on Pluto. Should an extraterrestrial civilisation transmit something to us, Arecibo is the place to hear it first. I was lucky enough to be able to go there, reporting on SETI, the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence..

The Antenna Platform

The rattling jeep climbs higher and higher on the mountain ridge. Suddenly the steaming jungle folds away, and there it is! It spreads out like a grey-white ocean, a giant opening in the jungle, the largest antenna in the world. A softly curving aluminium surface, resting on several hundred steel cables in a natural sinkhole in the mountainous Puerto Rico heartland. The feeling when standing close to Earth's big ear to the Universe is overwhelming. If we make contact with aliens, here's the place where it will happen. In front of me is a bowl-shaped metal net, 10 football fields in size, but apart from the cackling of parrots, nothing can be heard. The noise of Space is as remote here as anywhere else on Earth, yet here it is more obvious than at any other place. Stars rumble, pulsars thunder like steam engines or wail like sirens, awhile the background of the Universe softly murmurs. Inside the station, the instruments show that Universe is full of activity..

This is a technical dive into all the treasures of the Arecibo Observatory. For general chit-chat about Puerto Rico and the cities around the observatory, go here. Some very tasty panoramas can be found here.

The Antenna

Being a radio amateur and interested in radio in general, I of course knew about the Arecibo Telescope, but I never thought that one day I would go there, be let into the inner sanctum, guided around and then left on my own to do whatever I pleased!
Antenna platform In the focus of the antenna hangs this truss construction with its two antenna complexes; the round 4-story house "The Gregorian" containing microwave receivers, and the long “spear” for 430 MHz. They are mounted on two trains, so they can be rotated and moved sideways, to scan the antenna. That the construction weighs some 900 tonnes, hangs 100 metres up in the air and its height is maintained at half a centimetre is beyond comprehension.
Antenna platform with catwalk To get to the antenna platform you walk on a bridge called “The Catwalk”. It also leads the optical fibres with the received signals back to the observatory.
A pillar with blue heaven behind This is what one of the three towers holding the platform looks like from the ground, near the antenna. The fence to the right is the ground screen, see below.
The reflecting surface, perforated aluminium Peeking over the edge of the antenna one can see the holes in the metal sheet, and the wires that the sheets rest on. The light area in the middle has recently been cleaned and calibrated.
Ground anchor, view towards pillar The counterweight holding one of the lifting wires to the ground. You clearly see the wire going to the top of the tower and then on to the antenna platform. Note the cable car in the middle of the picture.
Ground anchor, detail The ground anchor itself was “major”. The wire was as thick as an arm, and the bolts holding the wire end were bigger still. There are bolts for another anchor, probably to enable one to fasten another anchor without having to remove the old one first.

High Above

Utsikt från helikopterplattan This is what it looks like from the heliport. The view is enchanting. You also see how they have scraped the mountain to make the hole perfectly round. The antenna platform hangs from three towers. Two of them are visible in these pictures.
View from heliport with Visitor's Centre Turning your head a little you see the Visitor's Centre, the white building. Right behind it, in a valley, lies the observatory buildings, the transmitters, offices, the power plant etc..

Below the Antenna

Tony at the ground screen The only way to get around the enormous antenna is by jeep. Here, my jeep driver and guide Tony Acevedo sits on a concrete block near the ground screen, a screen that was erected during the “upgrade”, when the antenna was improved in the middle of the 90'ies to allow for shorter wavelengths. The ground screen attenuates the noise from the mountain around, and man made interference.
A whole car fits nicely undre the antenna Perhaps you understand the size of the antenna when you see that a car fits nicely under it. They have houses there, garden sheds for the maintenance people to store their tools, and a staircase to help you enter the bowl. The antenna bowl is tied down with wires to the large yellow concrete clumps to make it spherical, and not parabolic, as it would have been, had it hung freely.
The maintenance platform There's a small cart hanging in the wires. They use it to go around in for repairing, washing and calibrating the antenna. As you see all the vegetation is left intact, as it helps reducing corrosion.
Right below the antenna platform Right below the receiver house, The Gregorian, shot straight through the antenna sheet metal. The antenna bow is perforated to let the rainwater through, and to become lighter. It is made up of rectangular sheets, whose height can be adjusted individually.
Leftover scrap In an opening in the woods was a scrap heap with all the leftovers from the upgrade, sheets and metal bars. But it won't be there for long. Tropical corrosion is of the brute force variety.

The Control Room

Outside the Control Room The Control Room has big panoramic windows facing the lovely view. You also see some of the installations on the mountain in behind, facing up towards the Visitor's Centre.
Inside the Control Room In the Control Room the antenna focus and how it should scan the Universe is programmed. The two trains that turn The Gaussian, the receiver house hanging in wires in the focal point, are run from here. Here is also where the catalogues of celestial objects are stored, and before pulsars were actually confirmed to be spinning neutron stars back in the 1970's, they were all catalogued as L.G.M. and a serial number, meaning “Little Green Men”.
Me in the Control Room pilot chair Here I am in the pilot's chair in the Control Room, in front of the main terminal. I have actually shared this chair with Jodie Foster in the “Contact” movie, written by Carl Sagan. In the movie she sits in this very chair, listening for alien civilisations. Of course, in reality no one uses headphones, but it looked good on film. Also note the nicely packaged arm injury.

The IF Room

IF Room, overview The most beautiful I have ever seen in the field of radio, the Intermediate Frequency Room. The picture shows part of the intermediate frequency for the astronomical receivers and five racks containing the interplanetary radar of 2 and 6 GHz. All the racks are detailed on the panorama page.
IF Room, the 430 MHz receiver IF Here are the two finest panels in the whole collection, the intermediate frequency units for the 430 MHz receiver. The two racks are identical, and take care of clockwise and anticlockwise polarisation respectively. There are no permanent connections, instead every scientist connects the way he wants with patch cables, much like an electronic kit.
Interplanetary radar A vintage machine with muscle, is this control panel for the interplanetary radar on 430 MHz, at 1 MW. With the 75 dB of antenna gain, 1 MW will look like a “light” many times brighter than the sun on the radio astronomical sky. This panel was used for the radar mapping of Mercury. No computer in this one, only big, beefy knobs. Something to hold on to.
The Pulsar Machine Left to its own in a corner stands The Mark III Pulsar Machine, a computer rack set up specifically for finding pulsars. It has a special way to avoid the Year 2000 problem: the system clock is to be turned back 20 years. Guaranteed to work.
The IF Room kitchen In a little nook outside the IF room we find the kitchen. It may not be the thing for a culinary feast, but is alright for fixing some grub during an all night hack.

Sensitivity

Walkie-talkie on Pluto

To be able to understand how sensitive the receiver is I asked the scientists if they were able to hear a walkie-talkie on Pluto. It set off a fair bit of calculating, but the answer was quite fast.
- No problems. We regularly listen to weaker signals than that.
We had calculated with the walkie-talkie using 3 watts, but Project Phoenix that monitors between 1 and 3 GHz, uses the Pioneer 10 spaceprobe for reference, transmitting 1 watt at 11 billion kilometres distance, way outside the Solar system.

Moonbounce

There are radio amateurs enjoying bouncing signals off the Moon, so called moon bouncers or EME, communicating that way. To hear the reflections are somewhere between “difficult” and “impossible”. One night after the “upgrade” there were some leftover observation time, and the antenna was directed at the Moon. The receiver was full of clattering radio amateurs, though they could barely hear each other. The reflection attenuation from the Moon is approximately 250 dB, so the signals coming back are understandably very small.

Mercury

See also the Observatory home page at www.naic.edu/home.htm about the radar mapping of Mercury. That was the finest science I have ever seen.

Seti@home

Sexy close-up of an FFT board The computer collecting information for the Seti@home project is called Serendip (comp: serendipidity). It really invited close-ups.
The whole Serendip computer All of Serendip looks like this. The leftmost rack contains the Fast Fourier boards that cut the signal up into narrow 2.5 MHz bands. Only one of them, band 19, starting at 1418.75 MHz right next to the hydrogen line in the spectrum is brought on to the Set@home project. The emergency exit is to the right of the computer, leading straight out into the steaming jungle.
Radio astronomical frequency spectrum And this is the spectrum the astronomers work with. The black frequencies are those of interest to the radio astronomers. Perhaps you see how they fight with Earth-bound services, and the interference problems they have at the telescope?
Seti@home, client screen shot It might seem futile to analyse a mere 2.5 MHz out of the infinite amounts available in the radio spectrum, but that's all that we little Earthlings are capable of at the moment. Despite all the Seti@home clients, perhaps several million, co-operating on Earth, it is still not enough to deal with this narrow band in real time.
Seti@home - working principle of client This is how the client works. Simple? Anyway, it's all about removing the signal's Doppler shift and then testing with various bandwidths and match the signal against a certain pattern. If it fits the pattern there's a great chance that it might be extra-terrestrial. They also search for pulse-trains. Unfortunately they haven't found anything yet. There might be something wrong with the method.

Other Rooms

The electronics lab Something electronic There are other things than radio receivers. This is the electronics lab, where all the fantastic new stuff is built. The detail shows one of the “things”. I don't know what it is, but it looks cryogenic. The stuff that telescopes are made of!
Storage room for transmitting tubes for the radar This is the storage for the transmitter tubes for the various radar transmitters, the long black, standing tubes. Unfortunately these are the last ones in the world, and when they are used up, they will have to change transmitter.
The library The library was run by a nice lady, who, among other things also collected all articles published about the telescope through times. I hope my article will be there, too. The bookshelf contains Books, as you can see.

Other Buildings

The lunch place In an opening in the forest lay the lunch restaurant, where you cold have genuine Puerto Rican food with lots of rice, beans and rice, and sit in the shadow with a ice-cold Coke, before you had to drag yourself back in the heat and continue exploring this wonderful place.

The Visitor's Centre

Heaven's Gates Let us pretend to be ordinary visitors and go to the Visitor's Centre, where the tourists go. After travelling for 20 minutes into the jungle from Hatillo, past some poor villages and doing some roller-coaster on the road, you reach the gate. You are met by a smiling guard, probably smiling because he knows about the steps awaiting you. There are warning signs for the weak-of-heart. You are going all the way up to the pillar in the background.
Signs, signs, signs Americans love signs. On the way up, the somewhat noisy Puerto Ricans are told to speak softly and not run, and a lot of other things.
The Visitor's Centre The Visitor's Centre, some 2000 steps (whew!) later, is a funny, wedge-shaped building, with a model of the 430 MHz antenna on the roof. It looks like a space-age weapon, but unfortunately, isn't explained at all. If you go past the house and to the right you will come to a balcony where you can sit comfortably with a cold Coke and a sandwich in hand, and just marvel from the view of the antenna.
The Visitor's Centre, overview This is what I call a museum! Not at all like the Swedish museums, where everything is on baby level. Here you could experiment with the Doppler effect, make your own clouds, play with microwaves and a lot of other, advanced things. One booth displayed a zoom sequence from atom size to the outermost limits of the Universe, which impressed me greatly. Another showed various quasars and played their sounds.
The Visitor's Centre, model of the antenna There was a model of the antenna, where you could run the trains with a joystick, to see how it all worked. Unfortunately it led the visitors to believe that the real antenna was used with a joystick, too.
The Visitor's Centre, microwave antenna Try to bounce microwaves yourself off various materials, and see how they are reflected and attenuated off wood and a piece of the antenna surface material, the perforated metal sheet.
Nobel Price for physics in 1993 Two researchers, Joseph Taylor and Frederic Hulse got the Nobel Price for Physics in 1993 for discovering binary pulsars. They worked at the Arecibo Observatory and the Nobel Price hangs on the wall for all to see, with Swedish text. I was probably the only one around able to read it...

I was there

The author posing in front of the antenna

The final piece of evidence, me posing in front of all the splendour, on the balcony outside the Control Room panoramic window. This is where they had the party in the “Contact” movie..

The SETI article in Networks and Communications

This was no ordinary article, it became the Best Article in N&K of 2000, 10 pages long.


JAS 39 Gripen - More Bang for the Buck

Gripen Cockpit

The pilot ignites the afterburner and a blue flame roar out with a rumble that can be heard several kilometres. “Cleared for Take-off” comes the answer from the tower, and when he releases the brakes, the plane jumps ahead. Even though the pilot is trained, the smell of death tingles in his stomach. “Now we'll have another kind of tingles,” he thinks, as he pulls the stick. Only the G-suit stops his stomach from ending up between his knees. He breaks the sound barrier with a pressure wave that nearly rips the roof of a little cottage below, on his way toward the enemy. “He hasn't got his radar on. Then he can't see me. But I can see him!” The enemy plane comes nearer his missile's firing range on the tactical indicator and soon it's there. Now! “Fire” comes the calm voice of Gripen, and the pilot's index finger makes a deadly move towards the trigger. The plane rocks a little as the AMRAAM missile leaves the wingtip and disappears forward as a white line. He follows it on his screen, and sees his colleagues around him, waiting. “Don't mess with a Swede,” he thinks as he sees a fireball exploding at the horizon, a sign that the missile did its job. He throws the plane in a tight curve, to avoid any shrapnel from the explosion. He flies the same way back, but he leaves the little cottage unharmed this time. “A cup of coffee would be real nice now,” he thinks, after touchdown, when he walks off the tarmac towards the camp.

Not entirely wrong

It may seem a bit odd that a computer-tech journalist writes about aeroplanes, but if you look closely at the pride of the Swedish aircraft industry, the Gripen warplane, you will find that this trip was entirely justified. As the Nätverk & Kommunikation is not a aeroplane magazine, I had no interest in flying properties and armament. Lots of people have written about that already. Instead, I was interested in the computer systems and the network on board.

Gripen contains a lot of new Swedish thinking, and perhaps the computer link (Jaktlänken), the possibility for videoconferencing between pilots on a mission, is the best of all. The pilots can communicate electronically, sharing missions, weapons, targets, and most of all, radar images. This enables most of the aircraft to fly with their radar off and remain undetected. Only one plane has to reveal itself, using its radar. Alternatively, the images from the Swedish ground radar network may be used. Planes on the ground can listen in, too and take part in the fighting electronically, so they wil loose no time, when they finally does get in the air..

The Mecca of Computer Networks

There are many computers and networks to explore in Gripen. The machines has 40 computers on board, communicating via MIL-STD 1553B type data buses. Viewed as a computer workstation, which is what it basically is, it is a multiprocessor machine with three colour graphic screens, voice command (yes, Gripen talks to its pilot, and the pilot can talk back), and advanced possibilities for videoconferencing over secure radio links. Everything is controlled by simply pointing-and-clicking, using the joystick.

Gripen, the WorkshopSaab's assembly hall in Linköping, Sweden is a miracle of cleanliness. Highly skilled technicians carry out precision craftsmanship. No car mechanics here! The hall is so clean it could be used as ballroom.

Ready to Kill with the DTUReady to kill, with the Data Transfer Unit (DTU). The pilot can enter his flight plan into it, in a secure environment, then bring it to the aircraft, plug it in and be off in a minute. A Swedish innovation. In American planes, the pilot has to key in the flight plan by hand, sitting in the plane, vulnerable to attack. After the mission, all the mission data is in the DTU, and may easily be taken along to the camp and analysed.

The Video PlatformThis spring-mounted platform is for the video tape recorder, used for recording the whole mission. The space I'm looking into is located right behind the pilot's chair. No video tape recorder in the world can take the vibrations when the Muaser cannon is fired, so the recorder has to be spring-mounted. It is planned to replace it with a solid state device.

The Air ContitioningGripen's got guts, and they are red, and look like this. It's the air conditioning, which cools the computers and works the climate for the pilot in the cockpit.

EMI ProtectionGripens worst enemy is various kinds of invisible electromagnetic interference. To withstand the threat from NEMP, EMI, radar, radio transmitters and other emitters, the computer network is laid out inside heavily screened cables. You see the braided sheaths in the picture. The screen is grounded to the aircraft body with short, wide braids, all according to the textbook. The EMI work done on Gripen is impressive.

For copyright reasons, I cannot publish the article that became the result of the visit, but you may order it from IDG AB in Stockholm, Sweden (only in Swedish), and find it on IDG's web site at www.idg.se. Look under Nätverk & Kommunikation. As long as the stock holds up you may also order reprints. Finally, some goody flying pictures for your amusement (Published by kind permission of Saab. The pictures may not be used commercially.)

Gripen over the Andes, Chile
Photo: Norman Pealing

Gripen over the Andes, Chile
Photo: Norman Pealing

Gripen with AMRAAM
Photo: Anders Nylén

Gripen with AMRAAM
Photo: Anders Nylén

Gripen formation with fighter load
Photo: Katsuhiko Tokunaga


Gripen and I at the Computerworld Expo 2000

Computerworld Wxpo, EntryThe article I wrote about Gripen was so immensely popular ("The best we ever had" one member of the staff hissed, who wants to remain anonymous) that the Nätverk & Kommunikation editorial office decided to create a whole exhibition booth around it, at the Computerworld Expo 2000 in Stockholm in April. Saab Aerospace provided a whole Gripen aircraft and managed to budge it into the 140 m2 booth. By the sides people could sit and relax in a café, get reprints of the article and get a bit of the proper Air Force feeling.

Computerworld Expo, at the DeskComputerworld Expo, Wall MagazineNot everyone has an exhibition booth at a computer exhibition tailor-made to a magazine article. Here is Yours Truly at the booth desk, handing out article reprints, and being a terrible braggart in general. The other picture shows me sitting below a wall-version of the article in the café department.

Gripen CaféGripen CaféGripen CaféOf course a Swedish warplane attracts peoples interest. Here are some pictures of people clustering around the machine. It was a non-operative, full-scale model, but everything on the outside was authentic, the fuselage material, the landing gear, etc.

Gripen, Landing GearGripen, on the WingGripen, Missiles to Lean AgainstAircraft invites to some technical shooting. I crawled around under the machine and on the wings to get some nice angles. In the last picture I show that air-to-air missiles can be used as armrests, too.


Giants Playing with Containers in the Rotterdam Harbour

Commissioned by the Nätverk & Kommunikation magazine I went to Rotterdam in Holland, to Europe's largest harbour, to have a look at some automatic loading trucks controlled by wireless LAN.

Rotterdam HarbourECT (Europe Combined Terminals) is a 100-hectare area, through which some 4 million containers flow each year. They are offloaded from the ships by enormous cranes, and put on automatic diesel-powered loaders that will move them to an intermediate storage area, where they again will be lifted by automatic high lifting cranes, and taken to trains or lorries. The giant ship cranes have human drivers, three of them to make sure nothing is missed, but apart from this, no humans are involved. The pace of work is simply too high! The driverless vehicles need to be in constant radio communication with the computer system. For this, a wireless 2.4 GHz CSMA network from Israeli Breezecom is employed.

The driverless vehicles are very impressive. They orient along wire loops in the 2-km long quay, but get their orders through the wireless network all the time. They are diesel engine powered 7-ton automatic giants that will blink the blinker very nicely when they turn, look out for each other, and park with an accuracy of only a few centimetres. Continuous radio contact is of the outmost essence. If the contact is lost, the vehicle will stop, and because of this there are some 20 microwave antennas spread out over the area. They had great problems with multipath propagation, as microwaves bounce off everything metallic (such as ships, cranes and containers) and creates complicated patterns of radio shadows. The pattern is changing all the time, as ships come and go and cranes move. Anyhow, the problems have been overcome, partly by placing a lot of antennas in the right places, partly by adapting the algorithms inside the microwave units to the situation.

Rotterdam Harbour, craneIn 47 seconds this big fellow lifts a container off the ship and puts it on the waiting driverless vehicle. Three persons man the crane. One walks on the quay, aiming sideways, one sits in the high cabin, actually offloading the container, having a 3D view of the ship on a monitor in front of him, and a third who sits closer to the ship, checking whether it was the right container that went up. All offloading information comes via Ethernet from the control tower.

Rotterdam Harbour, offloadingHere, a container has just been taken off the ship. The driverless vehicle is on its way leftwards, and a new one is coming in from the right. The intermediate storage area can be seen in the background. The white bridges spanning the container mountains are automatic loaders. The ship crane is so big, some 100 meters high, that it sometimes causes a radio blackout beneath it. Because of this, there is an extra wireless network node underneath each crane.

Rotterdam Harbour, electronicsThe system manager for the wireless network is lifting a door on one of the driverless vehicles, pointing out the various electronic parts. The vehicles have on-board Ethernet and several computers. The assembled body of journalists is drooling enthusiastically.

Rotterdam Harbour, assembly of journalistsThe day ended merrily. Here are all the journalists, assembled outside the control tower for one last picture before we, happily smiling, were shipped home again. Yours truly can be spotted behind Natalie, the lady in light blue, a representative from Breezecom's advertising agency in Belgium. The pictures in this article are partly my own, partly advertising pictures taken by Europe Combined Terminals.



The Helsinki Connection

Where's the bus? When is it coming? Why isn't it coming? In Helsinki, Finland, they were way ahead of us (at least in June 1999) in Stockholm, with the service to the local commuters. I made a report with pictures from the Helsinki local traffic system (Helsingfors Stads Trafikverk, HST), describing the automatic system that collect all the movements of the buses and trams in inner Helsinki, and report it to the bus stop information signs in the streets. Using a lot of statistic data, HST is able to predict arrival times to within 30 seconds, anytime around the clock.

The system was developed by the Swedish company, Thoreb AB, using radio modems from Finnish Satel OY, signs form other Finnish companies, and Japanese GPS-receivers.

Helsinki map showing radio coverage areasAll buses and trams in the city are connected to the control centre via radio modems. Three high towers in Helsinki have been equipped with radio modems covering the inner city. The radio links are on about 450 MHz. The information signs and some of the traffic lights are also radio controlled. Furthermore the bus is able to negotiate a green light with the traffic lights on its own, saving a lot of time and money every year.

Control RoomThe brain of the system is a Windows NT server (to the left), polling all the buses via the three 9600 bps modems on top of the console in the middle. The modems connect to the radio modems in the radio towers via leased lines. The radio modems themselves have no networking ability, so the Windows computer has to transmit all the buses addresses, over and over again, and ask for position, speed, etc. But Windows NT isn't powerful enough to take care of the prognostication. Instead it's a Unix computer (to the right of the server) doing the fortune telling. All positions and times are reported to maps that the traffic controllers at HST use for traffic planning and management.

Stop signThe signs are alphanumeric and connected to the main system with a radio link. They display which bus line will stop next, and within how many minutes the bus will arrive. If you sit at home and have to run to the bus, the information is also available on the Internet.

Driver's SeatIt does look like you would need a pilot licence to drive a bus these days, and the number of buttons increase all the time. Although Thoreb claim that their system (in the little white box) has drastically reduced the number of buttons, while at the same time giving the driver several new services, like electronic mail, less talking in the comm. radio, no more advertising of bus stops and so on.

Electronic package of the busAnd finally, the goodies for us electronics freaks, the part of the bus electronics package doing the reporting. The white box is the GPS navigator receiver, the black box is Thoreb's main computer, and the brown box to the right controls the sign inside the bus and the synthetic voice announcing the next station. The little blue box with SATEL written on it is the radio modem itself.

The system was still being deployed when I saw it, but its prospects for the future looked good. The commuter's worst pain is normally the chronically bad information, but here in Helsinki they seem to have got a good grip on that.



SCO Forum, August 1999

The American Airlines pilot said “...we will soon be entering American airspace” and I had a gut feeling of DEFCON Level III and felt like some sort of Russian missile. That's what Hollywood does to you.

Santa Cruz Operations was a not entirely poor company, that invited me to participate in SCO Forum 1999, the annual SCO-fest at the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC). SCO didn't look out for Linux in time, and doesn't exist any more. See this article as a piece of history. SCO owned both the UnixWare (that they bought from Novell) and OpenServer Unix'es, and on Forum, system developers from all over the world met every year to talk Unix, go to seminars and have a good time.

Morning prayers in fogWe assembled out on the lawn the very first morning. The air was raw, and the fog was like soup, but everyone was in a good mood and the morning's speakers were cheerful guys, even if you couldn't see them very well. But any good systems developer can take more than that.

The Monterey GroupMonterey, the code name of the project to collect some of the giants in the Unix field (IBM, Computer Assiciates, Compaq et al) and create a Super-Unix for Intel's (at the time not quite finished) 64-bit processor Merced, was at the top of every agenda. This is what the press conference looked like, as everyone smiled and slapped each other's backs and said, “This will be finished before summer.”

SCO did a lot to make everyone have a good time, to become friends, and want to come back next year. And we sure had a good time. The days were informal, this was a sneakers-and-backpacks place. People in suits were nowhere to be found. It was very interesting to just walk around and study all the nationalities. Indian women in sari, people from China, Brazilians and so on. Everyone discussing Unix in their respective languages*. “Habblabbla los onsentos system security”, or “Hing song ha Unix”, or “Brasnotchnika dva blivitjko e-mail”. All sorts to be found.

Nice lunchesNice lunchesDuring one of the first lunches I happened to dip my necktie in the mustard, which didn't make me happy at all. A woman, sitting beside me, said:
- Take it off. This is not that sort of place.
That comment kind of set the scene for the rest of Forum. The fact is that no one wore ties and everything possible was made to cut out the sales pitch and concentrate on technology. The various speakers scorned each other as soon as any sales talk was detected.

Beefy burgersBeefy me, posing in front of a grillIt wouldn't have been America if the barbecues hadn't been fired up all the time. The beach parties came one after the other, and on the terrace were big, beefy cooks, doing everything to make sure no one would ever have to go hungry. I simply had to pose in front of one of those Horns of Plenty. This was no vegetarian's show, for sure.

Webbificatus est

The atmosphere was jovial and everyone was in good spirit. All were enthusiastic about SCO's products and seemed to enjoy the good weather and the possibility to be together. And everyone ran Microsoft and Bill Gates down, from the host, all the way up to the CEO, although the language became milder, the higher the person was, such as “Those people 20 miles north of us, who think they rule the world.” The audience got the joke and roared with laughter. The fog that hung over the stage each morning was named “The new release of Windows 2000, Microsoft's latest vapourware.”

TarantellatubbiesThere were all sorts of merriments on the big stage every morning. SCO has a product called Tarantella, that will change almost any application to work over the Internet, and turn it into a web application. Four grown-up Tarantellatubbies suddenly wobbled onto the stage and started dancing, until one of them tore off his tubby-head and screamed:
- I'm a software developer. I can't take this stupidity anymore. Can I go now?

The host explained that they had consulted all sorts of calendars, the Christian, the Moslem, the Hindu, the Chinese, and the Buddhist, and calculated an average, and found out that the new millennium would start tonight, August 17 at 9 o'clock p.m. Perhaps the world would end, as Nostradamus had predicted, or perhaps the Cassini mission that was to be launched during the evening, would crash on us with its 36 kilos of plutonium. Who knows? Anyway, we would have a big party!

SCO Forum, dance groupAnd a party we got. A big orchestra, the “Dick Bright's SRO” played and performed in front of a thousand-headed, enthusiastic audience. There were lots of naked legs and ladies with very limited dressing, that brought down the audience's ovations. But I am at a loss of understanding why it always has to be so loud! My ears were curling up. I retreated a good distance from the stage, to a more normal sound level. But it is only so much fun to stand in the darkness and gulp cold white wine form a plastic cup, when the chill pinches your nose and the fog comes rolling in. I went home and went to bed. Well, the world didn't end, Cassini didn't crash, and Nostradamus was fooled all right.

Roaring Camp

Roaring Camp, steam engineA little bit north of Santa Cruz, in Felton is an open air railway museum in a place called Roaring Camp. There are two main attractions: the nicely restored steam engines, and the redwood forest of giant trees. The former are used to show the latter. But to be able to make ends meet, they also have a trapper market where people can learn about the trappers in the bad old days, eat old-time food and buy skins, knives and other stuff, that I didn't.

Roaring Camp, open carriagesRoaring Camp, Cathedral GroveAfter a few minutes on track in open carriages, one reaches a grove of redwoods, about a hundred metres high. This place is so majestic they have dubbed it Cathedral Grove. The man in the middle of the picture is standing on a tree stump!

Roaring Camp, barbecueThe day ended in a barbecue (what else!) with “steak-n-baked beans.” The Swedish base camp can be seen closest to the camera.

The SCO Forum is recommended to anyone who wants to talk Unix and have an enjoyable time.

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My collection of articles is large, and it continues to grow. The list contains my articles to date, sorted on year of production.


*) Simulated languages, with no intent to intimidate anyone.
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